LearnChemE

.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4354ca8 > .elementor-container > .elementor-column > .elementor-widget-wrap{align-content:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4354ca8{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4354ca8 > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-18adb6d > .elementor-element-populated{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin:3px 0px 0px 0px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-18adb6d > .elementor-element-populated > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-79bb1c4{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-79bb1c4 > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-bc-flex-widget .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cf8bb55.elementor-column .elementor-widget-wrap{align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cf8bb55.elementor-column.elementor-element[data-element_type="column"] > .elementor-widget-wrap.elementor-element-populated{align-content:center;align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cf8bb55 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-widget:not(.elementor-widget__width-auto):not(.elementor-widget__width-initial):not(:last-child):not(.elementor-absolute){margin-bottom:0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cf8bb55 > .elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 0px 10px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:10px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-071cb4c .hfe-heading-text{color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-071cb4c .hfe-icon i{color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-071cb4c .hfe-icon svg{fill:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-bc-flex-widget .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ff9494.elementor-column .elementor-widget-wrap{align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ff9494.elementor-column.elementor-element[data-element_type="column"] > .elementor-widget-wrap.elementor-element-populated{align-content:center;align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ff9494 > .elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-99e6049 img{width:50px;max-width:50px;}.elementor-bc-flex-widget .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e3a08fe.elementor-column .elementor-widget-wrap{align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e3a08fe.elementor-column.elementor-element[data-element_type="column"] > .elementor-widget-wrap.elementor-element-populated{align-content:center;align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e3a08fe > .elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-773020b{text-align:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-773020b img{width:40px;max-width:40px;}.elementor-bc-flex-widget .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6bb885c.elementor-column .elementor-widget-wrap{align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6bb885c.elementor-column.elementor-element[data-element_type="column"] > .elementor-widget-wrap.elementor-element-populated{align-content:center;align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6bb885c > .elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-544e1a8 img{width:100%;max-width:45px;}.elementor-bc-flex-widget .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8907359.elementor-column .elementor-widget-wrap{align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8907359.elementor-column.elementor-element[data-element_type="column"] > .elementor-widget-wrap.elementor-element-populated{align-content:center;align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8907359 > .elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ef0a165{text-align:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ef0a165 img{width:100%;max-width:55px;}.elementor-bc-flex-widget .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2acf5d2.elementor-column .elementor-widget-wrap{align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2acf5d2.elementor-column.elementor-element[data-element_type="column"] > .elementor-widget-wrap.elementor-element-populated{align-content:center;align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2acf5d2.elementor-column > .elementor-widget-wrap{justify-content:flex-end;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2acf5d2 > .elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 08px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5a21732{text-align:left;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5a21732 img{width:100%;max-width:350px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-54633e8 > .elementor-container{min-height:0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-54633e8{transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-54633e8 > .elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ff739e6 > .elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .hfe-nav-menu__toggle{margin:0 auto;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item a.hfe-menu-item{padding-left:12px;padding-right:12px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-left:calc( 12px + 20px );padding-right:12px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .hfe-nav-menu__layout-vertical .menu-item ul ul a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-left:calc( 12px + 40px );padding-right:12px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .hfe-nav-menu__layout-vertical .menu-item ul ul ul a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-left:calc( 12px + 60px );padding-right:12px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .hfe-nav-menu__layout-vertical .menu-item ul ul ul ul a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-left:calc( 12px + 80px );padding-right:12px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e a.hfe-sub-menu-item{font-size:1rem;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .sub-menu a.hfe-sub-menu-item{color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item a.hfe-menu-item:hover, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .sub-menu a.hfe-sub-menu-item:hover, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item.current-menu-item a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item a.hfe-menu-item.highlighted, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item a.hfe-menu-item:focus{color:#CFB87C;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item.current-menu-item a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor a.hfe-menu-item{color:#0377BD;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .sub-menu, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown .menu-item a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown .menu-item a.hfe-sub-menu-item{background-color:#fff;} .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .sub-menu li a.hfe-sub-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown li a.hfe-sub-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown li a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible li a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible li a.hfe-sub-menu-item{font-size:0.9rem;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-nav-menu__layout-horizontal .sub-menu, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav:not(.hfe-nav-menu__layout-horizontal) .sub-menu.sub-menu-open, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown .hfe-nav-menu, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible .hfe-nav-menu{border-style:solid;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;border-color:#C4C4C4;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .sub-menu{border-radius:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .sub-menu li.menu-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-top-right-radius:2px;overflow:hidden;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .sub-menu li.menu-item:last-child{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px;overflow:hidden;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown{border-radius:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown li.menu-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-top-right-radius:2px;overflow:hidden;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown li.menu-item:last-child{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px;overflow:hidden;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible{border-radius:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible li.menu-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-top-right-radius:2px;overflow:hidden;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible li.menu-item:last-child{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px;overflow:hidden;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e ul.sub-menu{width:262px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .sub-menu li a.hfe-sub-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown li a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible li a.hfe-menu-item{padding-left:8px;padding-right:8px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible a.hfe-sub-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown li a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-left:calc( 8px + 20px );padding-right:8px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .hfe-dropdown .menu-item ul ul a.hfe-sub-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .hfe-dropdown-expandible .menu-item ul ul a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-left:calc( 8px + 40px );padding-right:8px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .hfe-dropdown .menu-item ul ul ul a.hfe-sub-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .hfe-dropdown-expandible .menu-item ul ul ul a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-left:calc( 8px + 60px );padding-right:8px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .hfe-dropdown .menu-item ul ul ul ul a.hfe-sub-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .hfe-dropdown-expandible .menu-item ul ul ul ul a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-left:calc( 8px + 80px );padding-right:8px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .sub-menu a.hfe-sub-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown li a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown li a.hfe-sub-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible li a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible li a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .sub-menu li.menu-item:not(:last-child), .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown li.menu-item:not(:last-child), .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible li.menu-item:not(:last-child){border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#c4c4c4;border-bottom-width:1px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6badb1b{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-954b0da > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-widget:not(.elementor-widget__width-auto):not(.elementor-widget__width-initial):not(:last-child):not(.elementor-absolute){margin-bottom:0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-954b0da > .elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-15d435d > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-071cb4c .hfe-heading{text-align:left;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-99e6049 img{max-width:45px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-773020b img{max-width:45px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-544e1a8 img{max-width:45px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ef0a165 img{max-width:56px;}.elementor-bc-flex-widget .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2acf5d2.elementor-column .elementor-widget-wrap{align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2acf5d2.elementor-column.elementor-element[data-element_type="column"] > .elementor-widget-wrap.elementor-element-populated{align-content:center;align-items:center;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-54633e8 > .elementor-container{min-height:0px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .menu-item a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e a.hfe-sub-menu-item{font-size:0.95rem;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e .sub-menu a.hfe-sub-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown li a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown li a.hfe-sub-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible li a.hfe-menu-item, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e nav.hfe-dropdown-expandible li a.hfe-sub-menu-item{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px;}}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cf8bb55{width:36%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ff9494{width:7%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e3a08fe{width:7%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6bb885c{width:7%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8907359{width:7.33%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2acf5d2{width:35%;}}@media(max-width:1024px) and (min-width:768px){.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cf8bb55{width:38%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ff9494{width:6%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e3a08fe{width:7%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6bb885c{width:7%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8907359{width:9%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2acf5d2{width:33%;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-cf8bb55{width:100%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-071cb4c .elementor-heading-title, .elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-071cb4c .hfe-heading a{font-size:2rem;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5ff9494{width:3%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e3a08fe{width:3%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6bb885c{width:3%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-8907359{width:3%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2acf5d2{width:100%;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2acf5d2 > .elementor-element-populated{padding:5px 5px 5px 5px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5a21732 img{max-width:237px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-54633e8 > .elementor-container{min-height:50px;}.elementor-515 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5b5f33e > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}}

LearnChemE

Menu
const arrows = document.getElementsByClassName("hfe-menu-toggle sub-arrow"); for(let i = 0; i < arrows.length; i++) { const arrow = arrows[i]; arrow.innerHTML = "▼"; arrow.style.fontSize = "0.6rem"; arrow.style.transform = "scaleY(0.8) translateY(3px)"; }

Adiabatic Flame Temperature: Summary

The answers to the ConcepTests are given below and will open in a separate window. 
Key points from this module:
  • Heat capacities for gases increase with temperature.
  • Heat capacity equations are only applicable over a specified temperature range, and thus more than one heat capacity equation may be needed to cover the large temperature range needed for adiabatic flame temperature calculations. Heat capacities equations used outside their temperature range can be very inaccurate; they may even give negative heat capacities. 
  • The adiabatic flame temperature is significantly lower with air instead of O2 as the oxidizer. Increasing the percent of excess air further decreases the flame temperature.
  • For the high adiabatic flame temperatures obtained with O2 as the oxidizer, dissociation reactions that form CO, O2, and H2 must be taken into account. These endothermic reactions have a large effect, and flame temperatures calculated without considering them can be in error by more than 1500 K. 
From studying this module, you should now be able to:
  • Calculate the adiabatic flame temperature when a fuel burns completely.
  • Understand how using oxygen, air, or excess air affects the adiabatic temperature.
  • Explain what additional reactions need to be considered when using pure O2 to burn a fuel. 

Prepared by John L. Falconer, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder

Back
 Restart module
All modules